(The town's importance is noted by its taking the simpler form in each case, while Isca Augusta in Monmouthshire, another important legionary base, was known first as Caerleon on the Usk, and now as Caerleon). Another, attested in the 9th-century History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius, is Cair Legion (" Fort" or " City of the Legion") this later developed into Caerlleon and then the modern Welsh Caer. Deverdoeu was a Welsh name for Chester as late as the 12th century (cf Dyfrdwy, Welsh for the river Dee). Chester is thought to have become part of Powys. MedievalĪfter the Roman troops withdrew, the Romano-British established a number of petty kingdoms. Although the army had abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans retreated from Britannia, the Romano-British civilian settlement continued (probably with some Roman veterans staying behind with their wives and children) and its occupants probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders from the Irish Sea.
The fortress was garrisoned by the legion until at least the late 4th century. The Minerva Shrine in the Roman quarry is the only rock cut Roman shrine still in situ in Britain. It is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain, and is also a Scheduled Monument. The civilian amphitheatre, which was built in the 1st century, could seat between 8,000 and 10,000 people. The fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in the Roman province of Britannia built around the same time at York ( Eboracum) and Caerleon ( Isca Augusta) this has led to the suggestion that the fortress, rather than London ( Londinium), was intended to become the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Superior. Central Chester's four main roads, Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridgegate, follow routes laid out at this time.Ī civilian settlement grew around the military base, probably originating from trade with the fortress. The 'victrix' part of the name was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix which was based at Deva. It was established in the land of the Celtic Cornovii, according to ancient cartographer Ptolemy, as a fortress during the Roman expansion northward, and was named Deva either after the goddess of the Dee, or directly from the British name for the river. The Roman Legio II Adiutrix during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian founded Chester in AD 79, as a " castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. ĭiorama of the Roman Legionary fortress Deva Victrix in Grosvenor Museum, Chester Chester signs itself as Chester International Heritage City on road signs on the main roads entering the city. Tourism, the retail industry, public administration, and financial services are important to the modern economy. The Industrial Revolution brought railways, canals, and new roads to the city, which saw substantial expansion and development Chester Town Hall and the Grosvenor Museum are examples of Victorian architecture from this period. Apart from a 100-metre (330 ft) section, the walls are almost complete. It has a number of medieval buildings, but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations, originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement. The city walls of Chester are some of the best-preserved in the country and have Grade I listed status. Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans, and William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which later became Chester's first cathedral, and the Angles extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes. One of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. It is also the historic county town of Cheshire and the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington.Ĭhester was founded in 79 AD as a " castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. With a population of 79,645 in 2011, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester (a unitary authority which had a population of 329,608 in 2011) and serves as its administrative headquarters. It is located on the River Dee, close to the English-Welsh border.